TOTAL NUMBER OF ARTICLES: 188

This number includes 153 articles with duplicate ID numbers. A full list of duplicate articles can be found here. Document was last updated on 2015-01-24 07:12:30.

Region by year group for all entries in the database:

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MENA Sub.Saharan Cent..Asia East.Asia S..Asia S.E..Asia Aus….NZ W..Europe E..Europe US…Can LAC Global
1980-84 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1985-89 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1990-94 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
1995-99 1 0 0 3 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 3
2000-04 0 1 0 4 2 0 0 3 3 3 0 2
2005-09 0 1 2 8 6 6 1 4 6 9 0 5
2010-14 9 2 5 37 5 10 1 17 16 17 3 9

Region by publication type:

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MENA Sub.Saharan Cent..Asia East.Asia S..Asia S.E..Asia Aus….NZ W..Europe E..Europe US…Can LAC Global
Book 1 0 3 1 1 1 0 1 3 2 0 1
Book Chapter 5 1 1 0 0 2 0 8 5 0 0 0
Discussion Paper/Working Paper 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 0 0 0
Dissertation 1 1 0 10 2 1 0 0 1 2 0 1
Journal Article 3 1 2 44 8 10 2 15 12 27 3 18
Master’s Thesis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Report 1 0 1 2 2 2 0 1 2 0 0 0

Publication type by year group for all entries in the database:

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Book Book Chapter Discussion Paper/Working Paper Dissertation Journal Article Master’s Thesis Report
1980-84 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
1985-89 0 0 0 1 2 0 0
1990-94 0 0 0 0 5 0 0
1995-99 0 0 0 2 7 0 2
2000-04 0 1 0 2 14 0 0
2005-09 3 1 4 6 28 0 1
2010-14 5 14 2 8 75 0 4

Research type by region for all entries in the database

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Original empirical Review of other Policy analysis value
MENA 8 4 0 0
Sub.Saharan 3 0 1 0
Cent..Asia 5 2 1 0
East.Asia 43 11 6 0
S..Asia 7 5 1 0
S.E..Asia 13 4 1 0
Aus….NZ 1 0 0 0
W..Europe 15 8 1 0
E..Europe 19 4 5 0
US…Can 24 4 4 0
LAC 2 2 0 0
Global 9 9 0 0

Research type by year group for all entries in the database

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Original.empirical.research Review.of.other.research Policy.analysis
1980-84 1 0 0
1985-89 3 0 0
1990-94 4 1 0
1995-99 10 1 0
2000-04 9 3 2
2005-09 33 5 4
2010-14 77 27 8

Ed levels by region

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Pre-primary Primary Secondary Tertiary Vocational value
MENA 0 8 11 0 0 0
Sub.Saharan 0 1 4 0 0 0
Cent..Asia 0 5 6 0 0 0
East.Asia 2 28 55 1 0 0
S..Asia 3 8 12 0 0 0
S.E..Asia 1 17 13 0 0 0
Aus….NZ 0 0 2 0 0 0
W..Europe 1 17 25 2 0 0
E..Europe 1 13 24 6 3 0
US…Can 3 21 28 2 0 0
LAC 0 2 3 0 0 0
Global 3 17 18 0 0 0

Research approach by region

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Single-country Comparative value
MENA 8 3 0
Sub.Saharan 4 0 0
Cent..Asia 1 6 0
East.Asia 44 13 0
S..Asia 9 5 0
S.E..Asia 12 6 0
Aus….NZ 2 0 0
W..Europe 21 4 0
E..Europe 15 10 0
US…Can 26 5 0
LAC 3 0 0
Global 0 19 0

Research approach by year group

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Single.country…case Comparative
1980-84 1 0
1985-89 3 0
1990-94 4 1
1995-99 7 3
2000-04 13 4
2005-09 33 10
2010-14 83 25

Research methods by year group

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Mixed-methods None or Unclear to us Qualitative Quantitative
1980-84 0 0 1 0
1985-89 1 0 1 1
1990-94 1 0 2 2
1995-99 3 2 2 4
2000-04 1 0 9 7
2005-09 7 0 14 22
2010-14 16 2 52 38

Research methods by region

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Mixed-methods None or Unclear to us Qualitative Quantitative
MENA 1 0 7 3
Sub.Saharan 0 0 3 1
Cent..Asia 3 0 3 1
East.Asia 10 2 18 27
S..Asia 3 1 6 4
S.E..Asia 3 0 6 9
Aus….NZ 0 0 2 0
W..Europe 2 0 14 9
E..Europe 3 0 15 7
US…Can 4 1 17 9
LAC 1 0 1 1
Global 1 1 11 7

Research methods by year group

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Mixed-methods None or Unclear to us Qualitative Quantitative
1980-84 0 0 1 0
1985-89 1 0 1 1
1990-94 1 0 2 2
1995-99 3 2 2 4
2000-04 1 0 9 7
2005-09 7 0 14 22
2010-14 16 2 52 38

Research methods by publication type

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Mixed-methods None or Unclear to us Qualitative Quantitative
Book 3 0 5 0
Book Chapter 1 0 12 3
Discussion Paper/Working Paper 0 0 1 5
Dissertation 4 0 4 11
Journal Article 19 4 56 53
Master’s Thesis 0 0 0 0
Report 2 0 3 2

Theoreortical framework by region

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MENA Sub.Saharan Cent..Asia East.Asia S..Asia S.E..Asia Aus….NZ W..Europe E..Europe US…Can LAC Global
Social Capital 3 1 1 5 1 2 1 2 2 3 0 2
Human Capital 0 0 1 7 1 3 0 2 4 3 0 6
Cultural Capital 2 1 0 7 0 0 1 4 0 3 0 2
World Culture 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 0 4 0 3
Human Rights 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0
Critical Theory 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 2 4 2 0 0
Political Theory 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
Cultural Model 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Economic Theories 0 1 0 8 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 2
Social/Cultural Reproduction 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
Ecological Model 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
None or Unclear to us 4 2 5 27 11 11 1 15 14 14 3 9
value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Theoreortical framework by year group

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Social.Capital Human.Capital Cultural.Capital World.Culture Human.Rights Critical.Theory Political.Theory None.or.Unclear.to.us Cultural.Model Economic.Theories Social…Cultural.Reproduction Ecological.Model
1980-84 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
1985-89 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0
1990-94 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 0
1995-99 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 7 0 0 0 0
2000-04 1 3 3 2 0 0 0 8 2 0 0 0
2005-09 2 7 5 3 0 2 0 20 1 4 2 1
2010-14 13 12 9 6 3 6 1 59 0 8 0 1

Theoretical framework by research method

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Quantitative Qualitative Mixed None.or.unclear
Social Capital 8 9 1 0
Human Capital 13 8 2 1
Cultural Capital 9 8 2 0
World Culture 5 3 2 1
Human Rights 2 2 0 0
Critical Theory 0 5 3 0
Political Theory 0 1 0 0
Cultural Model 1 1 1 0
Economic Theories 5 4 2 1
Social/Cultural Reproduction 2 1 1 0
Ecological Model 1 1 0 0
None or Unclear to us 34 45 21 1
value 0 0 0 0

Theoretical framework by research approach

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Single.country…case Comparative
Social Capital 13 5
Human Capital 17 6
Cultural Capital 15 4
World Culture 7 4
Human Rights 4 0
Critical Theory 6 2
Political Theory 0 1
Cultural Model 1 2
Economic Theories 8 4
Social/Cultural Reproduction 3 1
Ecological Model 1 1
None or Unclear to us 81 20
value 0 0

Framing by region

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MENA Sub.Saharan Cent..Asia East.Asia S..Asia S.E..Asia Aus….NZ W..Europe E..Europe US…Can LAC Global
Exam Prep 10 4 6 47 12 14 2 19 22 25 2 17
Corruption 0 1 6 6 2 6 0 1 5 0 0 8
Equity 11 3 7 27 7 13 1 16 17 12 3 11
Economic 0 2 3 24 6 9 0 5 6 10 0 7
Social Cohesion 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 1 2 0 0 1
Global Trend 2 0 2 14 6 5 0 3 6 4 2 12
Household 1 0 2 24 6 10 0 2 4 2 1 6
Culture 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
Teacher Professionalism 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0
Parental Involvement 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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MENA Sub.Saharan Cent..Asia East.Asia S..Asia S.E..Asia Aus….NZ W..Europe E..Europe US…Can LAC Global
SES 9 3 7 24 6 12 1 12 12 6 3 12
Gender 3 1 5 5 2 4 0 3 7 1 0 3
Ethnicity / Race 0 0 2 2 2 3 1 1 0 3 0 0
Geographical 2 1 6 5 3 5 0 2 5 0 0 1
Linguistic / Cultural 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 1
value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Framing by year group

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Related.to.curriculum.coverage…ed..quality…exam.prep Corruption Equity Supply…Demand…Economic.Efficiency Social.Cohesion Global.Trend Household.Expenditures Culture Teacher.Professionalism Parental.Involvement
1980-84 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1985-89 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1990-94 4 0 2 1 0 0 2 0 0 0
1995-99 6 1 5 3 0 1 2 0 0 0
2000-04 16 0 7 5 0 6 3 1 0 0
2005-09 37 8 25 17 2 13 17 1 1 0
2010-14 89 16 63 35 4 23 28 1 1 2

Framed by research method

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Quantitative Qualitative Mixed None.or.unclear
Exam Prep 62 67 24 3
Corruption 4 13 8 0
Equity 44 43 17 1
Economic 24 29 5 3
Social Cohesion 1 5 1 0
Global Trend 17 20 5 1
Household 32 10 10 0
Culture 1 2 0 0
Teacher Professionalism 0 2 0 0
Parental Involvement 1 0 1 0
value 0 0 0 0

Framed by research approach

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Single.country…case Comparative
Exam Prep 120 36
Corruption 9 16
Equity 74 31
Economic 46 14
Social Cohesion 4 3
Global Trend 26 17
Household 41 11
Culture 1 2
Teacher Professionalism 1 1
Parental Involvement 2 0
value 0 0

Framed by theory

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Social Capital Human Capital Cultural Capital World Culture Human Rights Critical Theory Political Theory Cultural.Model Economic Theories Social/Cultural Reproduction Ecological Model None or Unclear to us value
Related.to.curriculum.coverage…ed..quality…exam.prep 15 18 17 10 3 5 1 3 12 4 2 86 0
Corruption 2 5 0 1 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 15 0
Equity 11 11 11 6 3 6 1 0 8 2 1 56 0
Supply…Demand…Economic.Efficiency 7 16 4 5 1 1 0 1 6 0 0 28 0
Social.Cohesion 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
Global.Trend 3 9 2 5 0 1 0 0 5 1 1 22 0
Household.Expenditures 3 7 3 2 0 0 0 1 8 1 1 30 0
Culture 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0
Teacher.Professionalism 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Parental.Involvement 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

How Viewed by region

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MENA Sub.Saharan Cent..Asia East.Asia S..Asia S.E..Asia Aus….NZ W..Europe E..Europe US…Can LAC Global
Raises concerns 6 1 1 10 4 3 0 6 4 14 2 1
Discusses benefits 0 0 0 6 1 3 1 4 5 4 0 3
Both 4 2 6 30 7 10 1 13 15 8 0 15
Neither 0 1 0 10 2 0 0 2 1 5 0 0
value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

How Viewed by year group

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Raises.concerns Discusses.benefits Both Neither
1980-84 0 0 1 0
1985-89 1 0 1 1
1990-94 0 0 5 0
1995-99 3 1 5 1
2000-04 4 5 6 2
2005-09 9 4 22 5
2010-14 32 10 53 11

HowViewed by research method

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Quantitative Qualitative Mixed None.or.unclear
Raises concerns 19 20 9 1
Discusses benefits 7 11 2 0
Both 37 43 11 2
Neither 9 5 5 1
value 0 0 0 0

HowViewed by research approach

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Single.country…case Comparative
Raises concerns 43 6
Discusses benefits 16 4
Both 61 31
Neither 19 1
value 0 0

HowViewed by theory

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Social Capital Human Capital Cultural Capital World Culture Human Rights Critical Theory Political Theory Cultural.Model Economic Theories Social/Cultural Reproduction Ecological Model None or Unclear to us value
Raises.concerns 5 5 7 2 4 4 1 1 2 0 0 23 0
Discusses.benefits 1 5 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0
Both 10 13 8 4 0 4 0 2 8 3 2 50 0
Neither 2 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 13 0

How Viewed by Framed

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Raises concerns Discusses benefits Both Neither value
Related.to.curriculum.coverage…ed..quality…exam.prep 44 15 73 18 0
Corruption 6 0 18 0 0
Equity 33 4 62 2 0
Supply…Demand…Economic.Efficiency 12 8 34 6 0
Social.Cohesion 1 2 4 0 0
Global.Trend 9 6 25 2 0
Household.Expenditures 8 1 32 6 0
Culture 2 1 0 0 0
Teacher.Professionalism 0 0 2 0 0
Parental.Involvement 0 0 1 1 0

Stakeholders by region

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MENA Sub.Saharan Cent..Asia East.Asia S..Asia S.E..Asia Aus….NZ W..Europe E..Europe US…Can LAC Global
Non-tutor teachers 4 0 0 14 2 3 1 2 6 4 1 1
Teachers who tutor 5 2 0 16 2 4 1 3 6 7 1 1
Tutors 2 1 0 4 1 0 0 2 3 3 0 0
Parents 5 2 1 22 3 8 1 6 6 10 1 1
Students 5 1 4 32 7 7 2 11 11 12 2 4
School admin 1 0 0 9 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0
Tutoring center admin 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
Academic scholar(s) 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Policymakers 1 1 0 3 0 2 0 0 2 2 0 0
Documents 4 0 2 13 5 3 0 12 14 11 1 15
value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Stakeholders by year group

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Teachers.who.do.not.tutor Teachers.who.tutor Tutors.who.are.not.teachers School.administrators Tutoring.center.admin Academic.scholars Parents…household Students Policymakers Documents
1980-84 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1985-89 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0
1990-94 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 0 2
1995-99 2 3 0 1 0 0 3 2 3 5
2000-04 2 3 2 2 1 1 5 8 1 6
2005-09 10 13 3 4 2 0 14 24 1 11
2010-14 16 20 8 6 0 0 37 48 6 39

Stakeholders by theory

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Non-tutor teachers Tutors who tutor Tutors Parents Students Policymakers Documents School Admin Tutoring Center Admin Scholars value
Social.Capital 3 3 0 5 8 0 5 0 0 0 0
Human.Capital 0 2 0 7 9 1 10 2 1 0 0
Cultural.Capital 5 7 2 5 11 1 3 2 2 1 0
World.Culture 2 1 0 3 4 1 5 2 0 0 0
Human.Rights 1 1 0 2 2 0 3 0 0 0 0
Critical.Theory 1 1 0 1 2 1 5 0 0 0 0
Political.Theory 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
None.or.Unclear.to.us 13 19 7 30 45 5 34 4 0 0 0
Cultural.Model 2 3 2 2 3 1 0 2 1 1 0
Economic.Theories 0 2 1 3 6 0 4 1 0 0 0
Social…Cultural.Reproduction 2 2 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ecological.Model 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0

WhatTaught by region

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MENA Sub.Saharan Cent..Asia East.Asia S..Asia S.E..Asia Aus….NZ W..Europe E..Europe US…Can LAC Global
School subjects 11 3 4 50 10 10 2 19 19 25 3 18
Extracurriculars 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0
Both 0 1 3 7 4 6 0 3 3 5 0 0
Not defined 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2
value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WhatTaught by year group

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Subjects.taught.in.school Extracurricular.activities Both Not.defined
1980-84 1 0 0 0
1985-89 3 0 0 0
1990-94 4 0 1 0
1995-99 7 0 1 2
2000-04 13 3 1 0
2005-09 36 1 5 1
2010-14 92 2 13 1

WhatTaught by theory

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School subjects Extracurriculars Both Not defined value
Social.Capital 12 1 4 1 0
Human.Capital 15 3 4 2 0
Cultural.Capital 15 2 2 0 0
World.Culture 11 0 0 0 0
Human.Rights 4 0 0 0 0
Critical.Theory 7 0 1 0 0
Political.Theory 1 0 0 0 0
None.or.Unclear.to.us 84 1 13 2 0
Cultural.Model 3 0 0 0 0
Economic.Theories 12 0 0 0 0
Social…Cultural.Reproduction 4 0 0 0 0
Ecological.Model 1 0 1 0 0

WhereOccur by region

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MENA Sub.Saharan Cent..Asia East.Asia S..Asia S.E..Asia Aus….NZ W..Europe E..Europe US…Can LAC Global
On school grounds 4 3 6 13 3 8 1 5 11 8 1 8
Designated center 8 1 2 35 6 7 1 15 12 24 2 9
Web 3 0 2 13 3 3 0 5 8 7 0 7
Student’s home 6 2 6 15 5 6 1 9 12 8 0 8
Outside school 5 0 5 22 6 5 1 10 12 9 2 11
Not defined 2 1 1 16 6 8 1 7 4 3 1 6
value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WhereOccur by year group

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On.school.grounds Designated.tutoring.center.or.franchise On.line…via.web In.the.student.s.home Other.outside.school Not.defined
1980-84 0 1 0 0 0 0
1985-89 0 1 0 1 0 2
1990-94 1 5 0 4 4 0
1995-99 2 6 0 0 2 5
2000-04 3 11 2 6 8 1
2005-09 10 17 3 11 14 18
2010-14 36 63 32 36 43 26

WhereOccur by theory

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On school grounds Designated center Web Student’s home Outside school Not defined value
Social.Capital 4 10 3 8 6 5 0
Human.Capital 5 15 6 5 7 5 0
Cultural.Capital 2 13 1 5 4 5 0
World.Culture 3 5 3 2 3 3 0
Human.Rights 0 2 0 0 1 2 0
Critical.Theory 5 3 3 2 3 2 0
Political.Theory 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
None.or.Unclear.to.us 32 57 22 36 43 27 0
Cultural.Model 1 2 0 1 1 1 0
Economic.Theories 3 5 1 3 3 5 0
Social…Cultural.Reproduction 0 1 0 1 1 3 0
Ecological.Model 1 1 0 1 1 1 0

WhoProvides by region

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MENA Sub.Saharan Cent..Asia East.Asia S..Asia S.E..Asia Aus….NZ W..Europe E..Europe US…Can LAC Global
Current teacher 4 3 6 16 7 12 1 5 14 2 1 15
Other k-12 5 3 6 18 8 10 1 6 15 7 1 13
Retired teacher 1 0 2 8 4 3 0 7 5 2 1 6
Univ. faculty 1 0 2 3 3 2 0 4 7 0 0 9
Professional 7 1 5 30 6 8 0 14 14 16 0 12
Col. student 1 0 2 9 4 3 0 6 2 2 0 6
Peer 2 0 1 2 4 1 0 2 2 0 0 0
Family 0 0 1 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Community 0 0 1 1 5 1 0 1 1 2 0 4
Not defined 2 0 1 20 5 5 1 10 7 10 2 4
value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WhoProvides by year group

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Current.classroom.teacher Other.K.12.teachers Retired.teacher University.faculty Institution…Professional.tutor College.student Peer.classmate Parent.or.family.member Community.member…volunteer Not.defined
1980-84 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1985-89 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
1990-94 1 2 0 0 3 0 0 2 2 0
1995-99 4 2 0 0 6 0 1 0 0 1
2000-04 4 5 4 1 12 0 0 0 0 4
2005-09 20 19 6 9 19 4 3 1 6 15
2010-14 36 43 19 14 55 21 4 2 5 37

WhoProvides by theory

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Current teacher Other k-12 Retired teacher Univ. faculty Professional Col. student Peer Family Community Not defined value
Social.Capital 4 5 2 3 11 2 1 1 1 6 0
Human.Capital 9 9 4 5 15 3 1 1 3 7 0
Cultural.Capital 3 5 4 2 11 2 0 0 1 7 0
World.Culture 1 1 1 0 5 1 0 0 0 6 0
Human.Rights 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0
Critical.Theory 4 3 2 1 3 1 0 0 0 2 0
Political.Theory 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
None.or.Unclear.to.us 41 43 17 15 50 17 5 4 8 29 0
Cultural.Model 1 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0
Economic.Theories 6 7 1 2 5 2 1 0 1 3 0
Social…Cultural.Reproduction 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0
Ecological.Model 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0

DoesCharge by region

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MENA Sub.Saharan Cent..Asia East.Asia S..Asia S.E..Asia Aus….NZ W..Europe E..Europe US…Can LAC Global
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Both 1 1 2 1 4 3 1 3 2 4 0 1
No, they do not charge a fee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Not defined 1 0 0 5 1 2 0 1 0 4 0 2
Yes, they charge a fee 9 3 5 51 9 13 1 21 23 22 3 17

DoesCharge by year group

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Both No, they do not charge a fee Not defined Yes, they charge a fee
1980-84 0 0 0 0 1
1985-89 0 0 0 0 3
1990-94 0 0 0 0 5
1995-99 0 0 0 2 9
2000-04 0 1 0 1 15
2005-09 0 5 0 4 34
2010-14 0 11 1 5 91

DoesCharge by WhoProvides

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Current.classroom.teacher Other.K.12.teachers Retired.teacher University.faculty Institution…Professional.tutor College.student Peer.classmate Parent.or.family.member Community.member…volunteer Not.defined
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Both 12 12 7 3 9 4 2 1 4 3
No, they do not charge a fee 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Not defined 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 8
Yes, they charge a fee 51 60 23 21 86 21 6 4 9 47

ClassSize by Region

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MENA Sub.Saharan Cent..Asia East.Asia S..Asia S.E..Asia Aus….NZ W..Europe E..Europe US…Can LAC Global
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Individual 1-on-1 instruction 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
Large groups 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Small groups 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 5 0 1
Unclear 2 1 1 12 4 4 0 5 3 7 1 2
Various class sizes discussed 9 2 6 44 9 13 2 17 21 17 2 17

OperationSize by region

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Not.defined.or.unclear MENA Sub.Saharan Cent..Asia East.Asia S..Asia S.E..Asia Aus….NZ W..Europe E..Europe US…Can LAC Global
Individual 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 2 3 1 0 1
Small firms 0 2 0 0 5 0 1 0 3 1 2 0 0
Large firm 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 1 5 0 0
Various 0 9 2 7 44 11 12 2 18 21 22 2 19
value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Why Taking by region

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MENA Sub.Saharan Cent..Asia East.Asia S..Asia S.E..Asia Aus….NZ W..Europe E..Europe US…Can LAC Global
Student falls behind 8 3 5 37 11 11 1 14 13 24 2 15
Preparation for exams 10 4 6 55 13 12 1 17 18 17 3 15
Make up for perceived failure 8 3 7 42 13 13 0 10 16 17 1 18
For cultural reasons 0 0 2 29 6 8 0 4 0 5 0 7
Enrichment activities 0 1 2 6 4 4 0 1 3 3 0 0
Peer pressure 1 0 1 12 2 2 1 3 2 0 0 4
Teacher pressure 2 1 1 8 2 3 0 3 4 0 0 3
Government Pressure 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 0 0 0
Not stated or unclear 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Why Taking by year group

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Student.falls.behind.and.needs.extra.help Preparation.for.exams.to.make.student.more.competitive Make.up.for.perceived.failure.in.the.mainstream.system…school For.cultural.reasons To.provide.extra.enrichment.activities Peer.pressure Teacher.pressure Government.pressure Not.stated.or.unclear
1980-84 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1985-89 2 3 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
1990-94 2 4 4 0 0 1 1 0 0
1995-99 4 5 7 0 1 0 1 1 0
2000-04 12 12 12 7 1 3 0 0 0
2005-09 27 32 27 12 4 4 2 1 0
2010-14 73 89 70 30 9 13 13 2 0

WhyTaking by research method

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Quantitative Qualitative Mixed None.or.unclear
Student falls behind 41 55 20 4
Preparation for exams 63 58 22 3
Make up for perceived failure 46 56 15 4
For cultural reasons 23 19 7 0
Enrichment activities 4 10 1 0
Peer pressure 8 9 5 0
Teacher pressure 3 10 5 0
Government pressure 0 2 2 0
Not stated or unclear 0 0 0 0
value 0 0 0 0

WhyTaking by research approach

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Counts for all entries

Single.country…case Comparative
Student falls behind 86 33
Preparation for exams 111 34
Make up for perceived failure 83 37
For cultural reasons 34 15
Enrichment activities 11 4
Peer pressure 15 7
Teacher pressure 8 10
Government pressure 3 1
Not stated or unclear 0 0
value 0 0

WhyTaking by theory

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Social.Capital Human.Capital Cultural.Capital World.Culture Human.Rights Critical.Theory Political.Theory None.or.Unclear.to.us Cultural.Model Economic.Theories Social…Cultural.Reproduction Ecological.Model
Student falls behind 11 16 10 10 1 6 1 62 2 10 2 2
Preparation for exams 15 19 16 9 3 4 1 77 3 11 3 2
Make up for perceived failure 9 17 7 9 2 5 1 61 2 10 0 2
For cultural reasons 4 7 9 2 0 0 0 24 3 5 1 1
Enrichment activities 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 9 0 1 0 0
Peer pressure 3 3 2 2 0 1 1 12 1 2 1 1
Teacher pressure 2 3 0 1 0 1 1 11 0 2 0 0
Government pressure 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0
Not stated or unclear 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
value 18 24 19 11 4 8 1 101 3 12 4 2

Why Taking by Framed

Graphs for all entries

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Counts for all entries

Student falls behind Preparation for exams Make up for perceived failure For cultural reasons Enrichment activities Peer pressure Teacher pressure Government pressure Not stated or unclear value
Related.to.curriculum.coverage…ed..quality…exam.prep 109 126 104 43 8 21 18 4 0 0
Corruption 21 22 18 8 5 5 9 0 0 0
Equity 75 90 69 25 7 13 15 1 0 0
Supply…Demand…Economic.Efficiency 42 51 47 19 8 7 6 0 0 0
Social.Cohesion 5 5 6 3 3 1 1 0 0 0
Global.Trend 35 37 32 14 5 9 10 0 0 0
Household.Expenditures 31 45 37 22 4 12 10 1 0 0
Culture 2 3 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 0
Teacher.Professionalism 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Parental.Involvement 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0