Relationships for All English-language Articles
- TOTAL NUMBER OF ARTICLES: 188
- Region by year group for all entries in the database:
- Region by publication type:
- Publication type by year group for all entries in the database:
- Research type by region for all entries in the database
- Research type by year group for all entries in the database
- Ed levels by region
- Research approach by region
- Research approach by year group
- Research methods by year group
- Research methods by region
- Research methods by year group
- Research methods by publication type
- Theoreortical framework by region
- Theoreortical framework by year group
- Theoretical framework by research method
- Theoretical framework by research approach
- Framing by region
- Framing by year group
- Framed by research method
- Framed by research approach
- Framed by theory
- How Viewed by region
- How Viewed by year group
- HowViewed by research method
- HowViewed by research approach
- HowViewed by theory
- How Viewed by Framed
- Stakeholders by region
- Stakeholders by year group
- Stakeholders by theory
- WhatTaught by region
- WhatTaught by year group
- WhatTaught by theory
- WhereOccur by region
- WhereOccur by year group
- WhereOccur by theory
- WhoProvides by region
- WhoProvides by year group
- WhoProvides by theory
- DoesCharge by region
- DoesCharge by year group
- DoesCharge by WhoProvides
- ClassSize by Region
- OperationSize by region
- Why Taking by region
- Why Taking by year group
- WhyTaking by research method
- WhyTaking by research approach
- WhyTaking by theory
- Why Taking by Framed
TOTAL NUMBER OF ARTICLES: 188
This number includes 153 articles with duplicate ID numbers. A full list of duplicate articles can be found here. Document was last updated on 2015-01-24 07:12:30.
Region by year group for all entries in the database:
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| MENA | Sub.Saharan | Cent..Asia | East.Asia | S..Asia | S.E..Asia | Aus….NZ | W..Europe | E..Europe | US…Can | LAC | Global | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980-84 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1985-89 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1990-94 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 1995-99 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
| 2000-04 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 2 |
| 2005-09 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 0 | 5 |
| 2010-14 | 9 | 2 | 5 | 37 | 5 | 10 | 1 | 17 | 16 | 17 | 3 | 9 |
Region by publication type:
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| MENA | Sub.Saharan | Cent..Asia | East.Asia | S..Asia | S.E..Asia | Aus….NZ | W..Europe | E..Europe | US…Can | LAC | Global | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Book | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
| Book Chapter | 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Discussion Paper/Working Paper | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dissertation | 1 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
| Journal Article | 3 | 1 | 2 | 44 | 8 | 10 | 2 | 15 | 12 | 27 | 3 | 18 |
| Master’s Thesis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Report | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Publication type by year group for all entries in the database:
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Book | Book Chapter | Discussion Paper/Working Paper | Dissertation | Journal Article | Master’s Thesis | Report | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980-84 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1985-89 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| 1990-94 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| 1995-99 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 0 | 2 |
| 2000-04 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 14 | 0 | 0 |
| 2005-09 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 28 | 0 | 1 |
| 2010-14 | 5 | 14 | 2 | 8 | 75 | 0 | 4 |
Research type by region for all entries in the database
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Original empirical | Review of other | Policy analysis | value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MENA | 8 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| Sub.Saharan | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Cent..Asia | 5 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| East.Asia | 43 | 11 | 6 | 0 |
| S..Asia | 7 | 5 | 1 | 0 |
| S.E..Asia | 13 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| Aus….NZ | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| W..Europe | 15 | 8 | 1 | 0 |
| E..Europe | 19 | 4 | 5 | 0 |
| US…Can | 24 | 4 | 4 | 0 |
| LAC | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Global | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 |
Research type by year group for all entries in the database
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Original.empirical.research | Review.of.other.research | Policy.analysis | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1980-84 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1985-89 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| 1990-94 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| 1995-99 | 10 | 1 | 0 |
| 2000-04 | 9 | 3 | 2 |
| 2005-09 | 33 | 5 | 4 |
| 2010-14 | 77 | 27 | 8 |
Ed levels by region
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Pre-primary | Primary | Secondary | Tertiary | Vocational | value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MENA | 0 | 8 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sub.Saharan | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Cent..Asia | 0 | 5 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| East.Asia | 2 | 28 | 55 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| S..Asia | 3 | 8 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| S.E..Asia | 1 | 17 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Aus….NZ | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| W..Europe | 1 | 17 | 25 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| E..Europe | 1 | 13 | 24 | 6 | 3 | 0 |
| US…Can | 3 | 21 | 28 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| LAC | 0 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Global | 3 | 17 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Research approach by region
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Single-country | Comparative | value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MENA | 8 | 3 | 0 |
| Sub.Saharan | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| Cent..Asia | 1 | 6 | 0 |
| East.Asia | 44 | 13 | 0 |
| S..Asia | 9 | 5 | 0 |
| S.E..Asia | 12 | 6 | 0 |
| Aus….NZ | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| W..Europe | 21 | 4 | 0 |
| E..Europe | 15 | 10 | 0 |
| US…Can | 26 | 5 | 0 |
| LAC | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| Global | 0 | 19 | 0 |
Research approach by year group
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Single.country…case | Comparative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1980-84 | 1 | 0 |
| 1985-89 | 3 | 0 |
| 1990-94 | 4 | 1 |
| 1995-99 | 7 | 3 |
| 2000-04 | 13 | 4 |
| 2005-09 | 33 | 10 |
| 2010-14 | 83 | 25 |
Research methods by year group
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Mixed-methods | None or Unclear to us | Qualitative | Quantitative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980-84 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1985-89 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1990-94 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 1995-99 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 2000-04 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 7 |
| 2005-09 | 7 | 0 | 14 | 22 |
| 2010-14 | 16 | 2 | 52 | 38 |
Research methods by region
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Mixed-methods | None or Unclear to us | Qualitative | Quantitative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MENA | 1 | 0 | 7 | 3 |
| Sub.Saharan | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 |
| Cent..Asia | 3 | 0 | 3 | 1 |
| East.Asia | 10 | 2 | 18 | 27 |
| S..Asia | 3 | 1 | 6 | 4 |
| S.E..Asia | 3 | 0 | 6 | 9 |
| Aus….NZ | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| W..Europe | 2 | 0 | 14 | 9 |
| E..Europe | 3 | 0 | 15 | 7 |
| US…Can | 4 | 1 | 17 | 9 |
| LAC | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Global | 1 | 1 | 11 | 7 |
Research methods by year group
Graph for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Mixed-methods | None or Unclear to us | Qualitative | Quantitative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980-84 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1985-89 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1990-94 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 1995-99 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 2000-04 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 7 |
| 2005-09 | 7 | 0 | 14 | 22 |
| 2010-14 | 16 | 2 | 52 | 38 |
Research methods by publication type
Graph for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Mixed-methods | None or Unclear to us | Qualitative | Quantitative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Book | 3 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| Book Chapter | 1 | 0 | 12 | 3 |
| Discussion Paper/Working Paper | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
| Dissertation | 4 | 0 | 4 | 11 |
| Journal Article | 19 | 4 | 56 | 53 |
| Master’s Thesis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Report | 2 | 0 | 3 | 2 |
Theoreortical framework by region
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| MENA | Sub.Saharan | Cent..Asia | East.Asia | S..Asia | S.E..Asia | Aus….NZ | W..Europe | E..Europe | US…Can | LAC | Global | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Social Capital | 3 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 2 |
| Human Capital | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 6 |
| Cultural Capital | 2 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2 |
| World Culture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 3 |
| Human Rights | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Critical Theory | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Political Theory | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Cultural Model | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Economic Theories | 0 | 1 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| Social/Cultural Reproduction | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Ecological Model | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| None or Unclear to us | 4 | 2 | 5 | 27 | 11 | 11 | 1 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 3 | 9 |
| value | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Theoreortical framework by year group
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Social.Capital | Human.Capital | Cultural.Capital | World.Culture | Human.Rights | Critical.Theory | Political.Theory | None.or.Unclear.to.us | Cultural.Model | Economic.Theories | Social…Cultural.Reproduction | Ecological.Model | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980-84 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1985-89 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1990-94 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1995-99 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2000-04 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2005-09 | 2 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 20 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| 2010-14 | 13 | 12 | 9 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 59 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 1 |
Theoretical framework by research method
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Quantitative | Qualitative | Mixed | None.or.unclear | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Social Capital | 8 | 9 | 1 | 0 |
| Human Capital | 13 | 8 | 2 | 1 |
| Cultural Capital | 9 | 8 | 2 | 0 |
| World Culture | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| Human Rights | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Critical Theory | 0 | 5 | 3 | 0 |
| Political Theory | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Cultural Model | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Economic Theories | 5 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| Social/Cultural Reproduction | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Ecological Model | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| None or Unclear to us | 34 | 45 | 21 | 1 |
| value | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Theoretical framework by research approach
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Single.country…case | Comparative | |
|---|---|---|
| Social Capital | 13 | 5 |
| Human Capital | 17 | 6 |
| Cultural Capital | 15 | 4 |
| World Culture | 7 | 4 |
| Human Rights | 4 | 0 |
| Critical Theory | 6 | 2 |
| Political Theory | 0 | 1 |
| Cultural Model | 1 | 2 |
| Economic Theories | 8 | 4 |
| Social/Cultural Reproduction | 3 | 1 |
| Ecological Model | 1 | 1 |
| None or Unclear to us | 81 | 20 |
| value | 0 | 0 |
Framing by region
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| MENA | Sub.Saharan | Cent..Asia | East.Asia | S..Asia | S.E..Asia | Aus….NZ | W..Europe | E..Europe | US…Can | LAC | Global | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exam Prep | 10 | 4 | 6 | 47 | 12 | 14 | 2 | 19 | 22 | 25 | 2 | 17 |
| Corruption | 0 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
| Equity | 11 | 3 | 7 | 27 | 7 | 13 | 1 | 16 | 17 | 12 | 3 | 11 |
| Economic | 0 | 2 | 3 | 24 | 6 | 9 | 0 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 0 | 7 |
| Social Cohesion | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Global Trend | 2 | 0 | 2 | 14 | 6 | 5 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 12 |
| Household | 1 | 0 | 2 | 24 | 6 | 10 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 6 |
| Culture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Teacher Professionalism | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Parental Involvement | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| value | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MENA | Sub.Saharan | Cent..Asia | East.Asia | S..Asia | S.E..Asia | Aus….NZ | W..Europe | E..Europe | US…Can | LAC | Global | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SES | 9 | 3 | 7 | 24 | 6 | 12 | 1 | 12 | 12 | 6 | 3 | 12 |
| Gender | 3 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| Ethnicity / Race | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| Geographical | 2 | 1 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Linguistic / Cultural | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| value | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Framing by year group
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Related.to.curriculum.coverage…ed..quality…exam.prep | Corruption | Equity | Supply…Demand…Economic.Efficiency | Social.Cohesion | Global.Trend | Household.Expenditures | Culture | Teacher.Professionalism | Parental.Involvement | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980-84 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1985-89 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1990-94 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1995-99 | 6 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2000-04 | 16 | 0 | 7 | 5 | 0 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 2005-09 | 37 | 8 | 25 | 17 | 2 | 13 | 17 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| 2010-14 | 89 | 16 | 63 | 35 | 4 | 23 | 28 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Framed by research method
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Quantitative | Qualitative | Mixed | None.or.unclear | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exam Prep | 62 | 67 | 24 | 3 |
| Corruption | 4 | 13 | 8 | 0 |
| Equity | 44 | 43 | 17 | 1 |
| Economic | 24 | 29 | 5 | 3 |
| Social Cohesion | 1 | 5 | 1 | 0 |
| Global Trend | 17 | 20 | 5 | 1 |
| Household | 32 | 10 | 10 | 0 |
| Culture | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Teacher Professionalism | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Parental Involvement | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| value | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Framed by research approach
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Single.country…case | Comparative | |
|---|---|---|
| Exam Prep | 120 | 36 |
| Corruption | 9 | 16 |
| Equity | 74 | 31 |
| Economic | 46 | 14 |
| Social Cohesion | 4 | 3 |
| Global Trend | 26 | 17 |
| Household | 41 | 11 |
| Culture | 1 | 2 |
| Teacher Professionalism | 1 | 1 |
| Parental Involvement | 2 | 0 |
| value | 0 | 0 |
Framed by theory
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Social Capital | Human Capital | Cultural Capital | World Culture | Human Rights | Critical Theory | Political Theory | Cultural.Model | Economic Theories | Social/Cultural Reproduction | Ecological Model | None or Unclear to us | value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Related.to.curriculum.coverage…ed..quality…exam.prep | 15 | 18 | 17 | 10 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 12 | 4 | 2 | 86 | 0 |
| Corruption | 2 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 0 |
| Equity | 11 | 11 | 11 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 56 | 0 |
| Supply…Demand…Economic.Efficiency | 7 | 16 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 0 |
| Social.Cohesion | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Global.Trend | 3 | 9 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 22 | 0 |
| Household.Expenditures | 3 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 30 | 0 |
| Culture | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Teacher.Professionalism | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Parental.Involvement | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
How Viewed by region
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| MENA | Sub.Saharan | Cent..Asia | East.Asia | S..Asia | S.E..Asia | Aus….NZ | W..Europe | E..Europe | US…Can | LAC | Global | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raises concerns | 6 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 4 | 14 | 2 | 1 |
| Discusses benefits | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 3 |
| Both | 4 | 2 | 6 | 30 | 7 | 10 | 1 | 13 | 15 | 8 | 0 | 15 |
| Neither | 0 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| value | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
How Viewed by year group
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Raises.concerns | Discusses.benefits | Both | Neither | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980-84 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1985-89 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1990-94 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| 1995-99 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 1 |
| 2000-04 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 2 |
| 2005-09 | 9 | 4 | 22 | 5 |
| 2010-14 | 32 | 10 | 53 | 11 |
HowViewed by research method
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Quantitative | Qualitative | Mixed | None.or.unclear | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raises concerns | 19 | 20 | 9 | 1 |
| Discusses benefits | 7 | 11 | 2 | 0 |
| Both | 37 | 43 | 11 | 2 |
| Neither | 9 | 5 | 5 | 1 |
| value | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
HowViewed by research approach
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Single.country…case | Comparative | |
|---|---|---|
| Raises concerns | 43 | 6 |
| Discusses benefits | 16 | 4 |
| Both | 61 | 31 |
| Neither | 19 | 1 |
| value | 0 | 0 |
HowViewed by theory
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Social Capital | Human Capital | Cultural Capital | World Culture | Human Rights | Critical Theory | Political Theory | Cultural.Model | Economic Theories | Social/Cultural Reproduction | Ecological Model | None or Unclear to us | value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raises.concerns | 5 | 5 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 0 |
| Discusses.benefits | 1 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 |
| Both | 10 | 13 | 8 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 50 | 0 |
| Neither | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 13 | 0 |
How Viewed by Framed
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Raises concerns | Discusses benefits | Both | Neither | value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Related.to.curriculum.coverage…ed..quality…exam.prep | 44 | 15 | 73 | 18 | 0 |
| Corruption | 6 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 |
| Equity | 33 | 4 | 62 | 2 | 0 |
| Supply…Demand…Economic.Efficiency | 12 | 8 | 34 | 6 | 0 |
| Social.Cohesion | 1 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| Global.Trend | 9 | 6 | 25 | 2 | 0 |
| Household.Expenditures | 8 | 1 | 32 | 6 | 0 |
| Culture | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Teacher.Professionalism | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Parental.Involvement | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Stakeholders by region
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| MENA | Sub.Saharan | Cent..Asia | East.Asia | S..Asia | S.E..Asia | Aus….NZ | W..Europe | E..Europe | US…Can | LAC | Global | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-tutor teachers | 4 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
| Teachers who tutor | 5 | 2 | 0 | 16 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 1 | 1 |
| Tutors | 2 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| Parents | 5 | 2 | 1 | 22 | 3 | 8 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 10 | 1 | 1 |
| Students | 5 | 1 | 4 | 32 | 7 | 7 | 2 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 2 | 4 |
| School admin | 1 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Tutoring center admin | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Academic scholar(s) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Policymakers | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Documents | 4 | 0 | 2 | 13 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 12 | 14 | 11 | 1 | 15 |
| value | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Stakeholders by year group
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Teachers.who.do.not.tutor | Teachers.who.tutor | Tutors.who.are.not.teachers | School.administrators | Tutoring.center.admin | Academic.scholars | Parents…household | Students | Policymakers | Documents | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980-84 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 1985-89 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| 1990-94 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 2 |
| 1995-99 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 5 |
| 2000-04 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 8 | 1 | 6 |
| 2005-09 | 10 | 13 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 14 | 24 | 1 | 11 |
| 2010-14 | 16 | 20 | 8 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 37 | 48 | 6 | 39 |
Stakeholders by theory
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Non-tutor teachers | Tutors who tutor | Tutors | Parents | Students | Policymakers | Documents | School Admin | Tutoring Center Admin | Scholars | value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Social.Capital | 3 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 8 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Human.Capital | 0 | 2 | 0 | 7 | 9 | 1 | 10 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Cultural.Capital | 5 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 11 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| World.Culture | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Human.Rights | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Critical.Theory | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Political.Theory | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| None.or.Unclear.to.us | 13 | 19 | 7 | 30 | 45 | 5 | 34 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Cultural.Model | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Economic.Theories | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Social…Cultural.Reproduction | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ecological.Model | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
WhatTaught by region
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| MENA | Sub.Saharan | Cent..Asia | East.Asia | S..Asia | S.E..Asia | Aus….NZ | W..Europe | E..Europe | US…Can | LAC | Global | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| School subjects | 11 | 3 | 4 | 50 | 10 | 10 | 2 | 19 | 19 | 25 | 3 | 18 |
| Extracurriculars | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Both | 0 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| Not defined | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| value | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
WhatTaught by year group
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Subjects.taught.in.school | Extracurricular.activities | Both | Not.defined | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980-84 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1985-89 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1990-94 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1995-99 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 2000-04 | 13 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
| 2005-09 | 36 | 1 | 5 | 1 |
| 2010-14 | 92 | 2 | 13 | 1 |
WhatTaught by theory
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| School subjects | Extracurriculars | Both | Not defined | value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Social.Capital | 12 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| Human.Capital | 15 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 0 |
| Cultural.Capital | 15 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| World.Culture | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Human.Rights | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Critical.Theory | 7 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Political.Theory | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| None.or.Unclear.to.us | 84 | 1 | 13 | 2 | 0 |
| Cultural.Model | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Economic.Theories | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Social…Cultural.Reproduction | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ecological.Model | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
WhereOccur by region
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| MENA | Sub.Saharan | Cent..Asia | East.Asia | S..Asia | S.E..Asia | Aus….NZ | W..Europe | E..Europe | US…Can | LAC | Global | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| On school grounds | 4 | 3 | 6 | 13 | 3 | 8 | 1 | 5 | 11 | 8 | 1 | 8 |
| Designated center | 8 | 1 | 2 | 35 | 6 | 7 | 1 | 15 | 12 | 24 | 2 | 9 |
| Web | 3 | 0 | 2 | 13 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 8 | 7 | 0 | 7 |
| Student’s home | 6 | 2 | 6 | 15 | 5 | 6 | 1 | 9 | 12 | 8 | 0 | 8 |
| Outside school | 5 | 0 | 5 | 22 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 10 | 12 | 9 | 2 | 11 |
| Not defined | 2 | 1 | 1 | 16 | 6 | 8 | 1 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 6 |
| value | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
WhereOccur by year group
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| On.school.grounds | Designated.tutoring.center.or.franchise | On.line…via.web | In.the.student.s.home | Other.outside.school | Not.defined | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980-84 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1985-89 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 1990-94 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 |
| 1995-99 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 |
| 2000-04 | 3 | 11 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 1 |
| 2005-09 | 10 | 17 | 3 | 11 | 14 | 18 |
| 2010-14 | 36 | 63 | 32 | 36 | 43 | 26 |
WhereOccur by theory
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| On school grounds | Designated center | Web | Student’s home | Outside school | Not defined | value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Social.Capital | 4 | 10 | 3 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 0 |
| Human.Capital | 5 | 15 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 0 |
| Cultural.Capital | 2 | 13 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 0 |
| World.Culture | 3 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 |
| Human.Rights | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| Critical.Theory | 5 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 0 |
| Political.Theory | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| None.or.Unclear.to.us | 32 | 57 | 22 | 36 | 43 | 27 | 0 |
| Cultural.Model | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Economic.Theories | 3 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 0 |
| Social…Cultural.Reproduction | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 |
| Ecological.Model | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
WhoProvides by region
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| MENA | Sub.Saharan | Cent..Asia | East.Asia | S..Asia | S.E..Asia | Aus….NZ | W..Europe | E..Europe | US…Can | LAC | Global | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Current teacher | 4 | 3 | 6 | 16 | 7 | 12 | 1 | 5 | 14 | 2 | 1 | 15 |
| Other k-12 | 5 | 3 | 6 | 18 | 8 | 10 | 1 | 6 | 15 | 7 | 1 | 13 |
| Retired teacher | 1 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 6 |
| Univ. faculty | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
| Professional | 7 | 1 | 5 | 30 | 6 | 8 | 0 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 0 | 12 |
| Col. student | 1 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 6 |
| Peer | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Family | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Community | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 4 |
| Not defined | 2 | 0 | 1 | 20 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 10 | 7 | 10 | 2 | 4 |
| value | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
WhoProvides by year group
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Current.classroom.teacher | Other.K.12.teachers | Retired.teacher | University.faculty | Institution…Professional.tutor | College.student | Peer.classmate | Parent.or.family.member | Community.member…volunteer | Not.defined | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980-84 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1985-89 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 1990-94 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| 1995-99 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 2000-04 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| 2005-09 | 20 | 19 | 6 | 9 | 19 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 15 |
| 2010-14 | 36 | 43 | 19 | 14 | 55 | 21 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 37 |
WhoProvides by theory
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Current teacher | Other k-12 | Retired teacher | Univ. faculty | Professional | Col. student | Peer | Family | Community | Not defined | value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Social.Capital | 4 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 11 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 0 |
| Human.Capital | 9 | 9 | 4 | 5 | 15 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 0 |
| Cultural.Capital | 3 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 11 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 0 |
| World.Culture | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| Human.Rights | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Critical.Theory | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Political.Theory | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| None.or.Unclear.to.us | 41 | 43 | 17 | 15 | 50 | 17 | 5 | 4 | 8 | 29 | 0 |
| Cultural.Model | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Economic.Theories | 6 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 |
| Social…Cultural.Reproduction | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Ecological.Model | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
DoesCharge by region
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| MENA | Sub.Saharan | Cent..Asia | East.Asia | S..Asia | S.E..Asia | Aus….NZ | W..Europe | E..Europe | US…Can | LAC | Global | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Both | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 1 |
| No, they do not charge a fee | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Not defined | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 |
| Yes, they charge a fee | 9 | 3 | 5 | 51 | 9 | 13 | 1 | 21 | 23 | 22 | 3 | 17 |
DoesCharge by year group
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Both | No, they do not charge a fee | Not defined | Yes, they charge a fee | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980-84 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 1985-89 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| 1990-94 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
| 1995-99 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 9 |
| 2000-04 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 15 |
| 2005-09 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 4 | 34 |
| 2010-14 | 0 | 11 | 1 | 5 | 91 |
DoesCharge by WhoProvides
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Current.classroom.teacher | Other.K.12.teachers | Retired.teacher | University.faculty | Institution…Professional.tutor | College.student | Peer.classmate | Parent.or.family.member | Community.member…volunteer | Not.defined | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Both | 12 | 12 | 7 | 3 | 9 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 3 |
| No, they do not charge a fee | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Not defined | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
| Yes, they charge a fee | 51 | 60 | 23 | 21 | 86 | 21 | 6 | 4 | 9 | 47 |
ClassSize by Region
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| MENA | Sub.Saharan | Cent..Asia | East.Asia | S..Asia | S.E..Asia | Aus….NZ | W..Europe | E..Europe | US…Can | LAC | Global | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Individual 1-on-1 instruction | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Large groups | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Small groups | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 1 |
| Unclear | 2 | 1 | 1 | 12 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 2 |
| Various class sizes discussed | 9 | 2 | 6 | 44 | 9 | 13 | 2 | 17 | 21 | 17 | 2 | 17 |
OperationSize by region
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Not.defined.or.unclear | MENA | Sub.Saharan | Cent..Asia | East.Asia | S..Asia | S.E..Asia | Aus….NZ | W..Europe | E..Europe | US…Can | LAC | Global | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Small firms | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Large firm | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| Various | 0 | 9 | 2 | 7 | 44 | 11 | 12 | 2 | 18 | 21 | 22 | 2 | 19 |
| value | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Why Taking by region
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| MENA | Sub.Saharan | Cent..Asia | East.Asia | S..Asia | S.E..Asia | Aus….NZ | W..Europe | E..Europe | US…Can | LAC | Global | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Student falls behind | 8 | 3 | 5 | 37 | 11 | 11 | 1 | 14 | 13 | 24 | 2 | 15 |
| Preparation for exams | 10 | 4 | 6 | 55 | 13 | 12 | 1 | 17 | 18 | 17 | 3 | 15 |
| Make up for perceived failure | 8 | 3 | 7 | 42 | 13 | 13 | 0 | 10 | 16 | 17 | 1 | 18 |
| For cultural reasons | 0 | 0 | 2 | 29 | 6 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 7 |
| Enrichment activities | 0 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| Peer pressure | 1 | 0 | 1 | 12 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Teacher pressure | 2 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Government Pressure | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Not stated or unclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| value | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Why Taking by year group
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Student.falls.behind.and.needs.extra.help | Preparation.for.exams.to.make.student.more.competitive | Make.up.for.perceived.failure.in.the.mainstream.system…school | For.cultural.reasons | To.provide.extra.enrichment.activities | Peer.pressure | Teacher.pressure | Government.pressure | Not.stated.or.unclear | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980-84 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1985-89 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1990-94 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1995-99 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| 2000-04 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2005-09 | 27 | 32 | 27 | 12 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| 2010-14 | 73 | 89 | 70 | 30 | 9 | 13 | 13 | 2 | 0 |
WhyTaking by research method
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Quantitative | Qualitative | Mixed | None.or.unclear | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Student falls behind | 41 | 55 | 20 | 4 |
| Preparation for exams | 63 | 58 | 22 | 3 |
| Make up for perceived failure | 46 | 56 | 15 | 4 |
| For cultural reasons | 23 | 19 | 7 | 0 |
| Enrichment activities | 4 | 10 | 1 | 0 |
| Peer pressure | 8 | 9 | 5 | 0 |
| Teacher pressure | 3 | 10 | 5 | 0 |
| Government pressure | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Not stated or unclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| value | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
WhyTaking by research approach
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Single.country…case | Comparative | |
|---|---|---|
| Student falls behind | 86 | 33 |
| Preparation for exams | 111 | 34 |
| Make up for perceived failure | 83 | 37 |
| For cultural reasons | 34 | 15 |
| Enrichment activities | 11 | 4 |
| Peer pressure | 15 | 7 |
| Teacher pressure | 8 | 10 |
| Government pressure | 3 | 1 |
| Not stated or unclear | 0 | 0 |
| value | 0 | 0 |
WhyTaking by theory
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Social.Capital | Human.Capital | Cultural.Capital | World.Culture | Human.Rights | Critical.Theory | Political.Theory | None.or.Unclear.to.us | Cultural.Model | Economic.Theories | Social…Cultural.Reproduction | Ecological.Model | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Student falls behind | 11 | 16 | 10 | 10 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 62 | 2 | 10 | 2 | 2 |
| Preparation for exams | 15 | 19 | 16 | 9 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 77 | 3 | 11 | 3 | 2 |
| Make up for perceived failure | 9 | 17 | 7 | 9 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 61 | 2 | 10 | 0 | 2 |
| For cultural reasons | 4 | 7 | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 1 |
| Enrichment activities | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Peer pressure | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 12 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Teacher pressure | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 11 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Government pressure | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Not stated or unclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| value | 18 | 24 | 19 | 11 | 4 | 8 | 1 | 101 | 3 | 12 | 4 | 2 |
Why Taking by Framed
Graphs for all entries
Counts for all entries
| Student falls behind | Preparation for exams | Make up for perceived failure | For cultural reasons | Enrichment activities | Peer pressure | Teacher pressure | Government pressure | Not stated or unclear | value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Related.to.curriculum.coverage…ed..quality…exam.prep | 109 | 126 | 104 | 43 | 8 | 21 | 18 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| Corruption | 21 | 22 | 18 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Equity | 75 | 90 | 69 | 25 | 7 | 13 | 15 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Supply…Demand…Economic.Efficiency | 42 | 51 | 47 | 19 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Social.Cohesion | 5 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Global.Trend | 35 | 37 | 32 | 14 | 5 | 9 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Household.Expenditures | 31 | 45 | 37 | 22 | 4 | 12 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Culture | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Teacher.Professionalism | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Parental.Involvement | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |